Kan man släcka napalm
The name is a portmanteau of two of the constituents of the original thickening and gelling agents: coprecipitated aluminium salts of na phthenic acid and palm itic acid. Napalm burns at temperatures [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ranging from to 1, °C 1, to 2, °F. Napalm was first employed in incendiary bombs and later was also used as fuel for flamethrowers. The effect was not always purely physical as napalm had psychological effects on the enemy as well.
One firebomb released from a low-flying plane can damage an area of 2, square meters 2, sq yd. Contents move to sidebar hide. Napalm is lethal even for dug-in enemy personnel, as it flows into foxholes , tunnels, and bunkers , and drainage and irrigation ditches and other improvised troop shelters. Even in the case of a near miss, the heat can be enough to disable a vehicle. From to , the Dow Chemical Company manufactured napalm for the American armed forces.
He conveyed these sentiments to U. Publicly, Churchill allowed Bradley "to issue a statement that confirmed U. At the same time, the French Air Force regularly used napalm for close air support of ground operations in the First Indochina War — At first, the canisters were simply pushed out the side doors of Ju 52 planes that had been captured in Germany, later mostly B bombers were used.
How Napalm Works
VIs of No. Further use of napalm by Allied forces occurred in the Pacific theater of operations, where, in and , napalm was used as a tactical weapon against Japanese bunkers, pillboxes, tunnels, and other fortifications, especially on Saipan , Iwo Jima , the Philippines , and Okinawa , where deeply dug-in Japanese troops refused to surrender. Download as PDF Printable utgåva. Article Talk. Over 40, tons of AN-M69s were dropped on Japanese cities during the war.
A variant of napalm was produced in Rhodesia for a type of ordnance known as Frantan between and and was used extensively by the Rhodesian Air Force during the Bush War. When used as a part of an incendiary weapon , napalm causes severe burns. Those bombs were widely used against civilians, including the Bombing of Tokyo. Napalm is an incendiary mixture of a gelling agent and a volatile petrochemical usually gasoline or diesel fuel.
In other projects.
Experterna svarar: Hur släcker man bränder miljövänligt?
Read Edit View history. International law does not specifically prohibit the use of napalm or other incendiaries against military targets, [ 41 ] but use against civilian populations was banned by the UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons CCW in According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI , countries are considered a party to the convention, which entered into force as international law in månad , as long as they ratify at least two of the five protocols.
It burns longer than gasoline, is more easily dispersed, and adheres to its targets. These traits make it both effective and controversial. In the European Theater of Operations , napalm was used by American forces [ 23 ] in the siege of La Rochelle in April against German soldiers and inadvertently French civilians in Royan —about two weeks before the end of the war. When the USAAFs on the Marianas Islands ran out of conventional thermite incendiary bombs for their B Superfortresses to drop on large Japanese cities, its top commanders, such as General Curtis LeMay , used napalm bombs to continue with fire raids.
It has been widely used from the air and from the ground, the largest use having been via airdropped bombs in World War II in the incendiary attacks on Japanese cities in Napalm has also fueled most of the flamethrowers tank-, ship-, and infantry-based used since World War II, giving them much greater range, and was a common weapon of urban combat bygd both the Axis and the Allies in World War II.
The development of napalm was precipitated by the use of jellied gasoline mixtures by the Allied forces during World War II. This shortage of natural rubber prompted chemists at US companies such as DuPont and Standard Oil of New Jersey , and researchers at Harvard University , to develop factory-made alternatives: artificial rubber for all uses, including vehicle tires, tank tracks, gaskets, hoses, medical supplies and rain clothing.
Napalm was used most notably during the battle " Outpost Harry " in South Korea during the night of 10—11 June Eighth Army chemical officer Donald Bode reported that on an "average good day" UN pilots used , liters 70, US gal; 58, imp gal of napalm, with approximately , liters 60, US gal; 50, imp gal of this thrown bygd US forces. Napalm became an intrinsic element of US military action during the Vietnam War as forces made increasing use of it for its tactical and psychological effects.
Tools Tools. During combustion , napalm deoxygenates the available air and generates carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide , so asphyxiation , unconsciousness, and death are also possible. Approximately 25 years after the General Assembly adopted it, it was reported that the US signed it on 21 January , Barack Obama 's first full day in office as president. Napalm was widely used bygd the US during the Korean War. Hence, the American and other UN aviators used napalm for close air support of the ground troops along the border between North Korea and South Korea and also for attacks in North Korea.
A team of chemists led by Louis Fieser at Harvard University was the first to develop synthetic napalm during On 4 July , the first test occurred on the football field near the Harvard Business School. Even people in undamaged shelters can be killed by hyperthermia , radiant heat , dehydration , asphyxiation , smoke exposure, or carbon monoxide poisoning.