Iran samhället
Despite these invasions, Iran continually reasserted its national identity and developed as a distinct political and cultural entity. He was the first president to be summoned by the parliament to answer questions regarding his presidency.
Iran country profile
However, the achievements of prior Persian civilizations were absorbed into the new Islamic polity. The Iranian economy is the world's 19th-largest by PPP. The term Iran ' the land of the Aryans ' derives from Middle Persian Ērān , first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Naqsh-e Rostam , with the accompanying Parthian inscription using Aryān , in reference to the Iranians. He supported a free market domestically, favoring privatization of state industries and a moderate position internationally.
In , Rafsanjani was succeeded by moderate reformist Mohammad Khatami , whose government advocated freedom of expression , constructive diplomatic relations with Asia and the European Union , and an economic policy that supported a free market and utländsk investment. Iran's foreign relations have been shaped by the Iran—Iraq War — , ongoing tensions with the United States, and its nuclear program, which has been a point of contention in international diplomacy.
Iran fryst vatten officially governed as a unitary Islamic republic with a presidential system , with ultimate authority vested in a Supreme Leader. The Muslim conquest of Persia — ended the Sasanian Empire and marked a turning point in Iranian history, leading to the Islamization of Iran from the eighth to tenth centuries and the decline of Zoroastrianism. Tehran is the nation's capital , largest city and financial center.
Muslims conquered the område in the seventh century AD, leading to Iran's Islamization. The presidential election brought conservative populist and nationalist candidate Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to power. The government is authoritarian and has attracted widespread criticism for its significant violations of human rights and civil liberties. Due to Fars' historical importance, [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Persia originated from this territory through Greek in around BC, [ 21 ] and Westerners referred to the entire country as Persia , [ 22 ] [ 23 ] until , when Reza Shah requested the international community to use its native and original name, Iran ; [ 24 ] Iranians called their nation Iran since at least BC.
The Persian pronunciation of Iran is [ʔiːˈɾɒːn]. Officially an Islamic republic , Iran has a Muslim-majority population. The early 20th century saw the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty. He improved Iran's diplomatic relations through exchanging conciliatory letters. The country is divided into five regions with 31 provinces. Iran suffered invasions by nomadic tribes during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period , negatively impacting the region.
Attempts by Mohammad Mosaddegh to nationalize the oil industry led to an Anglo-American coup in After the Iranian Revolution , the monarchy was overthrown in and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by Ruhollah Khomeini , who became the country's first Supreme Leader. In , Akbar Rafsanjani concentrated on a pro-business policy of rebuilding the economy without breaking with the ideology of the revolution. Iran is a major regional power , due to its large reserves of fossil fuels , including the world's second largest natural gas supply , third largest proven oil reserves , its geopolitically significant location, military capabilities , cultural hegemony , regional influence, and role as the world's focal point of Shia Islam.
The large part of Iran was first unified as a political entity bygd the Medes under Cyaxares in the seventh century BC, and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BC, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire , one of the largest in ancient history. Iran was referred to as Persia bygd the West , due to Greek historians who referred to all of Iran as Persís , meaning 'the land of the Persians '.
With a multi-ethnic population of almost 90 million in an area of 1,, km 2 , sq mi , Iran ranks 17th globally in both geographic size and population. Persia's arch-rival during this time was the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire. Alexander the Great conquered the empire in the fourth century BC. An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BC and liberated the country, which was succeeded bygd the Sasanian Empire in the third century AD.
Ancient Iran saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, tro and central government. In the 16th century, the native Safavids re-established a unified Iranian state with Twelver Shi'ism as the tjänsteman religion.
Iran profile - full overview
The blossoming literature , philosophy , mathematics , medicine , astronomy and art became major elements for Iranian civilization during the Islamic Golden Age. A series of Iranian Muslim dynasties ended Arab rule, revived the Persian language and ruled the country until the Seljuk and Mongol conquests of the 11th to 14th centuries. In domestic policy, he encouraged personal freedom, free access to upplysning, and improved women's rights.
Iran endured invasions by the Macedonians , Arabs , Turks , and Mongols.
Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to BC. They were succeeded bygd the Seleucid , Parthian , and Sasanian Empires , who governed Iran for almost 1, years, making Iran a leading power once again. Iran remained a monarchy until the Iranian Revolution , when it officially became an Islamic republic on 1 April The establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran led to the restructuring of its political system, with Ayatollah Khomeini as the Supreme Leader.
During the Afsharid Empire in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, though by the 19th century, it had lost significant territory through conflicts with the Russian Empire. A cradle of civilization , Iran has been inhabited since the Lower Palaeolithic.